The epidemiology and clinical manifestations of anaplasmosis in humans: A systematic review of case reports

Anaplasmosis, caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum, is an emerging tick-borne disease affecting humans and animals with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. This systematic review and analysis aimed to synthesise the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic methods, and treatment outcomes of anaplasmosis, emphasising enhanced surveillance and management strategies. The systematic review encompassed 73 cases from various geographic regions, revealing fever as the predominant symptom, alongside myalgia, headache, chills, and arthralgia. Molecular testing, particularly PCR, emerged as the primary diagnostic tool, aiding in identifying Anaplasma species. Co-infections are uncommonly described in the cases analysed, showing borreliosis and viral infections, underscoring the complexity of disease presentation. Doxycycline monotherapy demonstrated high efficacy, with a low mortality rate, while alternative antimicrobial options and combination therapy were considered in specific scenarios. This study contributes to understanding anaplasmosis's global burden and highlights the importance of continued research and collaborative efforts to mitigate its impact on public health.