KIDO: A screen-free tangible robotics kit to enhance computational thinking in primary education

This paper presents KIDO, a screen-free tangible robotics kit designed to foster computational thinking (CT) in primary education (ages 8-10), specifically addressing the lack of digital infrastructure in low-connectivity contexts. Unlike traditional screen-based solutions, KIDO leverages tangible interaction through three progressive modes: manual, programmable (NFC cards), and autonomous. Drawing on constructionist learning theory and embodied cognition, we conducted a quasi-experimental study with 84 students to evaluate the kit's impact on CT skills and classroom engagement. Results from pre- and post-tests using the Tech Check instrument show significant improvements in the experimental group (p < .05, d=0.48) compared to a control group using unplugged activities. Furthermore, classroom observations indicate that tangible interaction significantly increases time-on-task and collaborative problem-solving. We discuss the implications of low-cost, open-source hardware for scalable STEM education and provide empirical evidence of its pedagogical effectiveness in resource-constrained environments.