Human rights violations and environmental injustice in the Latin American mining sector: current dynamics and challenges

Mining, although considered a strategic activity for economic development in Latin America, faces significant challenges concerning human rights violations and environmental sustainability. Methodologically, this study adopts a non-experimental, descriptive, and basic research design, relying on a documentary analysis of emblematic cases in Colombia, Chile, and Peru. The findings reveal recurring issues such as environmental degradation, the absence of prior consultation with affected communities, and the criminalisation of social protest. In Colombia, the ban on mining in páramos revealed tensions between environmental protection and the economic rights of companies. In Chile, decades of pollution in Quintero-Puchuncaví reflect prolonged state inaction and systemic violations of constitutional rights. Meanwhile, in Peru, non-consensual modifications in Las Bambas intensified social conflicts. Therefore, it is concluded that state regulation must be strengthened to guarantee the constitutional right to a healthy environment and balance economic interests with the protection of communities and the environment.