Hospital-Acquired and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia

Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) are, together, a major cause of morbidity and mortality despite improvements in their management. Their incidences remain high worldwide and, alongside the increased spread of multidrug-resistant organisms, have become a challenge for physicians and a global public health problem. New results published in the last decade as well as the emergence of new technologies have changed our understanding of the pathophysiology of pneumonia, providing knowledge that can be used to develop new treatments and prevent HAP/VAP.