Design and Validation of an IoT-Integrated Fuzzy Logic Controller for High-Altitude NFT Hydroponic Systems: A Case Study in Cusco, Peru

Hydroponics in recirculation systems faces significant challenges in regulating critical parameters, such as pH and electrical conductivity (EC), especially in adverse environmental conditions, such as high altitudes. This paper presents the design and validation of a fuzzy controller integrated with IoT for NFT-type hydroponic systems, implemented on low-cost hardware and tested in the city of Cusco (3339 m.a.s.l.). Unlike previous studies that are limited to simulations or laboratory tests, the proposal was validated under real growing conditions, demonstrating its practical viability. The system incorporates a fuzzy controller based on simple rules, an IoT module with ESP32 for remote monitoring via Blynk, and an accessible and replicable architecture. The results demonstrate stable performance in pH and EC regulation, with adequate response times, minimal overshoot, and reduced errors, achieving levels comparable to those of higher-cost commercial solutions. The main contribution of this study is the demonstration that an intelligent, economical, and replicable system can be applied in agricultural environments with limited resources, offering a viable alternative for improving productivity in high-altitude hydroponic systems.