Cross-Cultural Application

The ICD-11 Classification of Personality Disorders and Related Traits, published by the World Health Organization (WHO), is to be employed across all cultures. This chapter deals with the ICD-11 personality disorder diagnosis from the perspective of culture, race, ethnicity, individualist/collectivist philosophy, historical/generational trauma, immigration, acculturation, religion, and gender. Efforts of researchers to design and validate culturally sensitive ICD-11 personality disorder measures are also overviewed. Four particular measures were specifically developed under cross-cultural conditions and by linguistically diverse experts. Finally, culturally relevant research directions are proposed to better capture all the ethnic edges that the implementation of the ICD-11 PD model implies.