Beyond ultrasonic detection: Development and evaluation of an intelligent visor system for visually impaired users in Lima, Peru

Visual impairment poses significant challenges to personal autonomy and mobility, particularly in dense urban environments. This research contributes to the development of intelligent health-related assistive systems, particularly those aimed at enhancing urban navigation and autonomy for users with visual impairment, thus addressing global challenges in inclusive healthcare technology in Lima, Peru. Building upon a basic ultrasonic prototype, the upgraded system integrates an ESP32 microcontroller, dual ultrasonic US-015 sensors, and an FC-51 infrared sensor, enhancing both short and mid-range obstacle detection. Two vibration motors provide intuitive haptic feedback, while a multifunctional buzzer communicates obstacle proximity, battery status, mode selection, and connectivity in real time. The device includes Near Mode (30 cm) for confined spaces and Far Mode (100 cm) for open areas, increasing user adaptability. Additionally, the visor incorporates a GPS Neo 6M module and an emergency alert button, enabling users to transmit their location in critical situations. By transitioning from a simple detection prototype to a multifunctional intelligent system, this research demonstrates a robust, low-cost, and context-sensitive assistive solution that enhances mobility, safety, and independence for the visually impaired.