Artificial intelligence applications in agriculture: a systematic review of literature

Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming agriculture by offering innovative solutions to persistent challenges. This systematic literature review explores the most studied AI applications in agriculture, emphasizing crop management, agronomic decision-making, early detection of diseases and pests, and climate change adaptation. Using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) methodology, 700 publications were retrieved from databases such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, and IEEE Xplore, with 104 relevant articles selected after applying strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings underscore the importance of machine learning and image processing in tailoring agronomic practices to specific plot conditions and microclimates. These tools enable early identification and control of plant diseases and pests, reducing crop losses and dependence on chemicals. Nonetheless, challenges remain, particularly regarding accessibility for smallholder farmers, high implementation costs, and limited data infrastructure. While AI offers significant potential to enhance agricultural productivity, sustainability, and resilience, addressing these limitations is crucial. A balanced, inclusive approach is essential to ensure AI’s benefits are widely distributed and contribute to long-term food security and environmental sustainability.