Alcohol Consumption Patterns and Traditional Beverages Associated with Hypertension Subtypes

Introduction: Alcohol consumption is a significant risk factor for hypertension (HTN), a prevalent condition that substantially affects cardiovascular health. In Peru, where various traditional alcoholic beverages exist, the relationship between alcohol consumption and HTN has not been fully explored. Objective: To determine the association between different patterns of alcohol consumption, types of beverages, and various types of HTN. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study utilized data from the Peruvian Demographic and Family Health Survey (2018-2023), including 236,243 adults (55.95% male; mean age: 41.06 years). General HTN, isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH), and systolic-diastolic hypertension (SDH) were evaluated. Alcohol consumption was assessed through self-reported questionnaires evaluating consumption pattern (non-excessive vs. excessive), intensity (light, moderate, heavy), consistency (intermittent vs. consistent), and primary beverage type, including both commercial and traditional Peruvian drinks. Results: Excessive alcohol consumption was significantly associated with an increased risk of HTN (aPR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.07-1.31), IDH (aPR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.20-2.16), and SDH (aPR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.18-1.78). Excessive alcohol consumption was significantly associated with an increased risk of HTN (aPR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.07-1.31), IDH (aPR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.20-2.16), and SDH (aPR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.18-1.78). Consumption of traditional beverages such as chicha and Masato was associated with an elevated risk of various types of HTN. In contrast, wine consumption demonstrated a protective association against general HTN and IDH. Conclusions: Alcohol consumption patterns and beverage types have differential effects on HTN risk in the Peruvian population. These findings underscore the need for culturally adapted prevention strategies and more nuanced public health recommendations regarding alcohol consumption in Peru.